Origins: 1920s-1980s, birth of Trot and the introduction of Western music
In the mid-1920s, Masao Gouga, a Korean-expat composer in Japan, mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists brought with and have taught since the 1870s. This type of music became known as Enka in Japan, and later in Korea as Trot (Korean: "트로트").[13]In 1932, a controversial plagiarism was caught and condemned by an article in the Japanese magazine "New Young Adult", Gouga's "Sakewa Namitaka Tameikika" was blamed for copying off the work of Korean composer Su-Lin Jeon, which his version was named "The Calm Jang-Ahn".[citation needed] This event triggered a wave of Korean musicians to flourish with talented composers such as Nan-Pa Hong, Gyo-Sung Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Joon-Young Kim, Ho-Wol Moon, Mok-In Son, Shi-Choon Park, and Jae Ho Lee becoming the very foundation of Trot music in its early stage.[citation needed] Trot has been transformed over the years using a variety of instruments and mixing different styles of music to become the dominant genre in the Korean music scene until the late 80's. To this day, Trot music still remains as a popular genre for many; mostly with its very sad melody and heart-touching lyrics.[citation needed]
As Korea was liberated from Japanese annexation in 1945, the country was divided into two nations: North Korea and South Korea. Western culture was introduced into South Korea on a small scale with a few Western style bars and clubs playing Western music. After the Korean War, which started on June 25, 1950 and lasted for 3 years, U.S. troops remained in South Korea for protection. With the continued presence of the U.S. military, American and world culture began to infiltrate into South Korea. During this time, Western music became more accepted to a wider crowd of young adults.
Improvements in the recording systems encouraged the production of LP records in the 1960s, which led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.[14] Many singers sang for the American troops in Korea at the time, and the appearance of chorus in performances was conspicuous. At this period of time, civilians were exposed to pop songs by commercial radio stations, which led to the great popularity of pop songs. The Kim Sisters, Yoon Bok-hee and Patti Kim were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States.
In the 1970s, the new career of DJs became popular, deeply impacting the teenage cultures. Guitars and jeans were the symbols of youth.[15] This resulted in the introduction of more folk singers, such as Chang Sik Song, Young Nam Cho, and Hee Eun Yang. In 1977, the Seoul International Song Festival was launched, which encouraged cultural exchanges with other countries.
In 1980, the Asia Music Forum was launched. National singers from five different Asian countries competed in the event. Cho Yong-pil won first place and earned a high reputation as a Korean singer in Japan.[16]
1990s: Diversification
The debut of Seo Tai-ji & Boys in 1992 was a turning point for popular music in South Korea, incorporating elements of rap rock and techno.[citation needed] Hip hop duos such as Deux were also popular in the early 1990s.[citation needed]
Beginning of Hallyu
See also: Hallyu
The founding of South Korea's largest talent agency, S.M. Entertainment, in 1995, by Korean entrepreneur Lee Soo Man led to the first K-pop girl groups and boy bands.[17] By the late 1990s, YG Entertainment, DSP Entertainment, and JYP Entertainment, FNC Music had burst onto the scene and were producing talent as quickly as the public could consume it.[11]Groups such as, S.E.S., Fin.K.L, H.O.T, Sechs Kies, G.o.d., Fly to the Sky and Shinhwa had huge success in the 1990s, not only in South Korea, but also outside of the country as well.[citation needed] Especially, artists such as H.O.T, Kim Wan-Sun, Clon, Baby V.O.X, NRG saw huge successes in China and Taiwan in the mid-90s.[citation needed]
Also during this period was the emergence of hip-hop and R&B music in Korea, leading to the success of artists including Drunken Tiger.[citation needed]
2000s: Popularity in Asia and globalization
Many of K-pop's biggest idol groups and solo acts, including BoA, Rain Bi, Wonder Girls, Big Bang, 2AM, 2PM, SHINee, Miss A, JYJ, TVXQ, Super Junior, SS501, f(x),KARA, Girls' Generation, Beast, Brown Eyed Girls, Se7en, CNBLUE, F.T. Island, Secret, After School, MBLAQ, 4Minute and 2NE1 are popular in most East and South East Asia, including Japan, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, China, Vietnam.[18] Because of increased accessibility via the internet, K-Pop has begun expanding to the rest of the world as well, but has not yet reached the mainstream of many countries. Globalization of K-Pop media and fandom has been facilitated by sites such as Facebook and YouTube, which allow users from around the world access to videos and information about artists and promotions. Kpop has undoubtly caught the interest of the growing new generation.[19]In 2007, the Wonder Girls released their second single entitled 'Tell Me'. The song became a hit in its homeland with its cathcy rhythm and infectous easy-to-follow dance moves. The dance's popularity was immense and the explosive attention it received became widely known as the "Tell Me Virus" . This created an influence of what Kpop was to become and emerge as today. The most notable influences are the dance moves which are seemingly easy to follow and the hook songs that classifies what kpop is today.
China
Since the late 1990s and the beginning of early 2000s, K-pop started to become well known in China. K-pop artists such as NRG, H.O.T., DIVA, Lee Jung Hyun and others stayed in China for their performances.[citation needed] Today, Super Junior is the most popular group in China, where they have the largest fandom. Their sub-group Super Junior M had successful results with the song "Perfection" on the Kuang Nan Record, CCR and Hit Fm Taiwan music charts.[20]K-pop has yet to make a major impact on China but there has been considerable success. The Wonder Girls won an award for their song "Nobody" in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Award in Beijing, China for having the highest digital sales for a foreign artist with a total of 5,371,903 digital downloads in 2010. Their song "2 Different Tears" was also one of the most downloaded songs and their albums have had high sales for a foreign artist.[21]
Japan
In 2011, it has been reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' has increased 22.3% during 2010-2011, contributing about 1/10th of the Japanese market. BoA, Girls' Generation, Kara and TVXQ are among the best selling artists, with Girls' Generation, Kara, and TVXQ making the 4th, 5th and 9th best selling artists of 2011 in Japan.[22]
Outside of Asia
K-pop is steadily gaining influence in foreign markets outside of Asia, including North America.[23] In 2011, Billboard officially launched the Korea K-Pop Hot 100, the second Asian Billboard chart after the Japan Hot 100.[24]In 2009, Wonder Girls, one of Asia’s most successful music artists who sold millions of singles including the international #1 songs “Tell Me”, “So Hot” and “Nobody”, debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[25] The Wonder Girls are notable for touring with the Jonas Brothers in 2009 as well as making guest appearances on So You Think You Can Dance Canada and The Wendy Williams Show, making them the first Korean artists to perform on an American broadtime show. They are still the only kpop group to chart on the Billboard Hot 100.
On October 23, 2011, artists under the label SM Entertainment such as Girls' Generation, Super Junior, SHINee, F(x), BoA, and TVXQ, held a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City for their SMTown Live '10 World Tour, making them the first Korean artists' in history to do so.[citation needed] SMTown also toured other locations such as Paris, France and Los Angeles, California.[citation needed]
Big Bang was awarded "Best Worldwide Act" at the 2011 MTV EMA's on November 7, representing the Asia-Pacific region. The group was up against American singer Britney Spears and won with over 58 million votes.[26]
On November 10, 2011, 2NE1 was officially crowned the "Best New Band In the World" by MTV Iggy after winning a global voting contest that began in early October 2011. Due to the honor, 2NE1 performed for the first time at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[citation needed]
In 2012, Girls' Generation made their first live television debut in the United States on Live! with Kelly, Late Night with David Letterman, and Extra, promoting their international single "The Boys". They also performed in France on Le Grand Journal (Canal+).[27]
American rapper Ludacris has shown a lot of interest in the Korean music industry, particularly YG Entertainment due to their hip-hop style and image. Both Ludacris and YG Entertainment CEO Yang Hyun-Suk have hinted in a possible future collaboration with one of YG's artists, such as 2NE1 or Big Bang.[citation needed] Catching the interest of The Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, 2NE1 is currently working on their American debut album under will.i.am's management.[citation needed] Members of The Black Eyed Peas have also performed their hit song "Where Is the Love?" with CL of 2NE1 at the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards.[citation needed] Record producer Teddy Riley has produced the girl group RaNia as well as Girls' Generation's single "The Boys". He has worked with rapper/singer Jay Park, and boy bands SHINee and EXO.[citation needed]
The genre continues to be embraced by the South Korean government as a tool for its soft power abroad, particularly towards global youth.
Recently K-Pop also started to receive media coverage from Spanish speaking countries, with publications such as Kpopstarz [1] daily reporting on this new wave.[citation needed]
Industry
| Year | K-pop in Global Physical Music market rankings (include albums, singles and DVDs sold) |
|---|---|
| 2005 | 27[28] |
| 2006 | 27[29] |
| 2007 | 32[30] |
| 2008 | 24[31] |
| 2009 | 24[32] |
| Year | K-pop in Global Music market rankings |
| 2007 | 23[33] |
| 2009 | 14[33] |
| 2011 | 11[33] |
South Korea became the first country in which the digital music market surpassed physical market,[34] probably because of the timing of when the physical market was the smallest. However, the digital market as well as the physical market has grown ever since then, and still today. More than half of the revenue comes from digital sales, showing the importance of the digital market in South Korea.[33]
In 2009, about 8.8 million South Korean albums were sold worldwide.[32] The retail value of K-pop was $93 million dollars in 2009.[32]
In 2011, 1,100 albums were released in South Korea and the hip-hop genre had the most among them.[35] One-third of the albums were from genres that are less popular in the country nowadays, including rock, modern folk and crossover.[35] Although idol stars are dominating the K-pop scenes today, it shows that there are still variety of genres existing in South Korea.[35]
Apprenticeship
Today, apprenticeship is the universal strategy for nurturing girl groups, boy bands, and solo artists in the K-pop industry. To guarantee the high probability of success of new talent, talent agencies fully subsidize and oversee the professional lives and careers of trainees, often spending in excess of $400,000 to train and launch a new artist.[36] Through the practice of apprenticeship, which often lasts two years or more, trainees hone their voices, learn professional choreography, sculpt and shape their bodies through exercise, and study multiple languages all the while attending school.[2]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop
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